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The Crimean Karaites or Krymkaraylar (Crimean Karaim: Кърымкъарайлар sg. къарай – ''qaray''; Trakai Karaim: sg. karaj, pl. karajlar, Hebrew: קראי מזרח אירופה, Turkish: ''Karaylar''), also known as ''Karaim'' and ''Qarays'', are an ethnic group derived from Turkic-speaking adherents of Karaism, historically residing in the Crimea peninsula. Some Krymkaraylar moved to Eastern Europe during the 13th century and later migrated further into the territory of the Russian Empire of the time, notably to territories of modern Lithuania and Poland. ''"Karaim"'' is the name in Russian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, and Polish for this religious community. == Origins == Turkic-speaking Karaites (in the Crimean Tatar language, ''Qaraylar'') have lived in Crimea for centuries. Their origin is a matter of great controversy. Some regard them as descendants of Karaite Jews who settled in Crimea and adopted a form of the Kypchak tongue (see Karaim language). Others view them as descendants of Khazar or Cuman, Kipchak converts to Karaite Judaism. Today many Karaim deny ethnic Semitic origins and identify as descendants of the Khazars.〔Blady 113–130.〕 Some specialists in Khazar history question the Khazar theory of Karaim origins.〔Brook 2006 p. 110-111, 231.〕 They regard the Crimean Karaites as descendants of Karaite Jews who settled in Crimea and adopted a form of the Kypchak tongue (see Karaim language). To support this, they note the following: * the Karaim language belongs to the Kipchak linguistic group, and the Khazar language belongs to the Bulgar group; there is no close relationship between these two Turkic languages;〔Erdal, Marcel (1999). "The Khazar Language". In: Golden et al., 1999:75–107〕 * According to the Khazar Correspondence, Khazar Judaism was, most likely, Talmudic. The tradition of Karaite Judaism ranks only the Tanakh as a holy book and does not recognize the Talmud; and * Khazars disappeared in the 11th century. But, the first written mention of the Crimean Karaites was in the 14th century.〔A. Harkavy, ''Altjudische Denkmaler aus der Krim, mitgetheilt von Abraham Firkowitsch, SPb.,'' 1876.〕 Some modern Karaim resist being identified as Jews, emphasizing their Turkic heritage and claiming they are Turkic practitioners of a "Mosaic religion" separate and distinct from Judaism. Miller says that Crimean Karaites did not start claiming a distinct identity apart from the Jewish people before the 19th century, and that such leaders as Avraham Firkovich and Sima Babovich encouraged this position to avoid the strong anti-Semitism of the period.〔Miller ___.〕 From the time of the Golden Horde onward, Karaites were present in many towns and villages throughout Crimea and around the Black Sea. During the period of the Crimean Khanate, they had major communities in the towns of Çufut Qale, Sudak, Kefe, and Bakhchisaray. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Crimean Karaites」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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